Proto-germánico
(o antiguo préstamo del
celta, griego o latín)
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inglés
y escoceses
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holandés
y afrikáans
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Bajo alemán
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(Alto) alemán
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Continental del
norte germánico
( danés , noruego , sueco )
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Otras lenguas germánicas
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Préstamos o remanentes en
idiomas no germánicos (principalmente en francés antiguo del norte)
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* baki
"arroyo"
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-bach , -beck , -batch , -brook , -brooke , -bech , -playa , -broke , (beck)
(1) Harbrook , Emm Brook , Sparkbrook , Walbrook , Marshbrook , Fullabrook , Sandbach , Comberbach , Brinsabach , Eastbach , etc., (2) Fulbeck , (3) Caldbeck , (4) Holbeck , Wansbeck , Starbeck , Welbeck , Skirpenbeck , Boosbeck , Killingbeck , Pinchbeck , Purbeck , Birkbeck , Swaffham Bulbeck , Leigh Beck , Waterbeck , etc., Pulverbatch , Inglesbatch , Oxbatch , Snailbatch , Wagbatch , Radbatch , Wisbech , Holbeach , Holbeck , Holbrook, Addenbrooke , Kidbrooke , Holbech , Bolingbroke, Stradbroke , Begbroke , Kembroke Salón , Hazelbadge , Burbage , Brocton , Brockweir , Brogden , Brookhampton , Brookland , Brooksby etc.
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-beek (beek)
(5) nl: Roosbeek (Vlaams-Brabant) , Bierbeek , Lembeek , Schaarbeek [Schaerbeek], Sint-Jans-Molenbeek , etc.
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-bek , -beck , -brook , -brock ,
(1) de: Harbrook , de: Billbrook , Hilkenbrook , Wesuwer Brook , de: Marschbrook , de: Hammerbrook , (2) Fuhlbek ( Wehrau (río) ), Reinbek , Wandsbek , Hasselbeck , Gladbeck , Havixbeck , Fuhlenbrock , Batenbrock , etc.
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-bach , -bock
de: Sandbach , (6) Wambach , (5) Rohrbach , (3) Kaltenbach , Hasselbach , Bütgenbach (Bélgica), de: Schnellbach , Mühlbock [Ołobok], etc.
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-beck , -bekk , -bäck , -bæk
(2) Fulebæk (DK), (4) Holbæk (DK)
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-bec , -becq , -bais , -baix , -bez en el norte de Francia, vía Old Norse bekkr , Old Frankish * baki
(2) Foulbec , (3) Caudebec , (4) Houlbec , etc., (5) Robecq / Rebecq / Rebais , etc., (6) Wambez , Roubaix , Bolbec , Bricquebec , etc.
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-bok en polaco, vía
Drybok germánico oriental , Klodobok , Lusobok , Ołobok
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* berga-
"colina, montaña"
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-bergh -berrow -barrow -berry -berge -bear (Barrow)
Sedbergh , Thrybergh , Caldbergh , Bedbergh , Babergh Cien , Rubergh Cien , Bergholt , Bergh Apton , Berghersh , Inkberrow , Bromsberrow , Sedgeberrow , Whitbarrow , Cruckbarrow , Fellbarrow , Wanbarrow , Brockenbarrow , Inkberrow , Rowberrow , Ingleberry , Skelberry , Solberge , Sadberge , Thurlbear
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-berg , - bergen (berg)
(2) Bergen [Mons], Geraardsbergen , Grimbergen , Kortenberg
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(1) Barg , (2) Bargen
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-berg
Heidelberg , Kaisersberg [Kaysersberg], Königsberg [Kaliningrado], Nuremberg [Nuremberg], Bamberg , Bromsberg , Bromberg , Kruckenberg , de: Fellberg , Berghain
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-berg , -berj
(2) Bergen
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-bergue (s) en el norte de Francia vía Old Low Frankish o Old Saxon
Isbergues , (1) Berck , Barques , Barc , Bierges
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* brugjō-
"puente"
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-puente -brigg (puente)
Cambridge , Knightsbridge , Woodbridge , Fordingbridge , Seabridge , Weybridge , Uxbridge , Agbrigg , Felbrigg , Lambrigg , Gillingbrigg , Brigg , Brigroyd
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-brugge (brug)
Brugge [Brujas], Zeebrugge
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-brücken , -brück , -bruck -brig
Innsbruck , Osnabrück , Saarbrücken , Brig
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-bro , -bru
Hobro , Holstebro , Nybro , Örebro
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* burgo-
"ciudad, pueblo fortificado, fuerte"
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-borough , -bury , -burgh , -brough (municipio)
Canterbury , Tilbury , Aldbury , Grimsbury , Limbury , Cissbury , Kentisbury , Holmbury St Mary , Shoeburyness , Irthlingborough , Peterborough , Knaresborough , Middlesbrough , Hemingbrough , Mickleburgh , Aldeburgh , Rumburgh , Happisburgh , Bamburgh , Edimburgo , Salsburgh , Pedlersburgh , Cunningsburgh , Mayburgh Henge
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-burg (burg, burcht)
Aardenburg , Limburg , Middelburg , Tilburg
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-borg
Hamborg [Hamburgo]
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-burg
Burg bei Magdeburg , Regensburg , Neuburg , Salzburg , alemán: Straßburg , Lower Elsassish / alsaciano-alemán: Strossburi , Luxemburgish -buerg
Lëtzebuerg [ Luxemburgo ]
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-borg , -borj
Nordborg , Rendsborg , Sønderborg
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-burgo en el norte de Francia, vía sajón antiguo, inglés antiguo, nórdico antiguo y alemán
Cherburgo , Cabourg , Bourbourg , le Neubourg , Luxemburgo , Estrasburgo (un solo Bourg, Borgo, Buergo , etc. o con un elemento siguiente son comunes en todas partes del romance mundo hablante)
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* felthuz
"llanura, campo abierto, campo"
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-field -fold (campo)
Huddersfield , Mansfield , Macclesfield , Mirfield , Wakefield , Sheffield , Moorfields , Dogmersfield , Aperfield , Archenfield , Kerfield , Whisterfield , Bentfield verde , Bloomfield , Westerfield , Summerfield , Thunderfield , Bassingfield , Lindfield , Englefield Green , Exfold , Penfold, Chiddingfold
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-veld
Schinveld , Warnsveld
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-feld , -felde , -filde (Feld)
Bielefeld , Mansfeld , de: Moorfeld , de: Mirfeld , de: Westerfilde , Sommerfeld , Urfeld , de: Eichsfeld
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* furdi -, * furdu-
"cruce de aguas bajas"
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-ford , -forth (ford)
Bradford , Guildford , Oxford , Stafford , Watford , Hereford , Sandford , Thetford , Stanford , Arford , Conford , Lemsford , Hannaford , Filford , Wyfordby , Catford , Gosforth , Garforth , Stainforth , Ampleforth , Handforth , Dishforth , Catforth , Shawforth , Birdforth , Yafforth , Hollowforth , Strafforth , Hartforth
-firth (firth)
Burrafirth , Holmfirth , Firth of Forth
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-foort , -voort , -voorde (voorde)
Amersfoort , Vilvoorde , Eexter-Zandvoort , Zandvoorde , Papenvoort
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-ford , -fordt , -vörde , -forde
Herford , de: Herzford , Bremervörde , de: Diersfordt , de: Conneforde , Osterforde , Lemförde , Buttforde , Bökenförde
-forth de: Steinforth , de: Bruneforth , de: Kaiforth , de: Honigforth , de: Achelforth , de: Stallforth , Braunsforth | -furt
Dietfurt , Erfurt , Frankfurt , Ochsenfurt , Steinfurt ,
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-fjord (en)
Oslofjorden , Limfjord
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-Fort
francés del Norte Houllefort
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* hafnō-
"puerto, puerto"
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-haven "-avon" (refugio)
Shellhaven , Sandhaven , Buckhaven , Newhaven , Whitehaven , Greenhaven , Peacehaven , Cockhaven , Middlehaven , Stonehaven , Littlehaven , Fairhaven , Balhaven , Cuckmere Haven , Orwell Haven , Holland Haven , Anton Haven , Cuckhold's Haven , Milford Haven , East Haven
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-haven (refugio)
Eemshaven , Ketelhaven , Delfshaven
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-haven (refugio)
Bremerhaven , Wilhelmshaven , Cuxhaven
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-hafen (Hafen)
Friedrichshafen
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-hamn , -havn
København [Copenhague], Åkrahamn
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Feroés: -havn
Tórshavn , Skudeneshavn
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Le Havre francés , varios le Hable
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* haima-
"granja, vivienda"
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-ham , -om (casa)
Denham , Dunham , Newham , Nottingham , Rotherham , Tottenham , Ickenham , Twickenham , Sydenham , Dagenham , Alkham , Wokingham , Manningham , Edmondsham , Kirkham , Gotham , Egham , Debenham , Bassingham , Foxham , Great Blakenham , Berkhamsted , Walthamstow , Ebbisham , Epsom , Wilsom , Besom , Hollom , Hysom , Allum Green , Cocum , Hoccum , Cottam , Hannam's Hall , Ednam , Dagnam Park , Buckinghamshire , Bodiam , Northiam , Mitchum
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- (g) em , - (h) em , -en , -um -ham (heem, heim)
Alphen , Berchem , Nossegem , Wevelgem , Zaventem , Blijham , nl: Kolham , nl: Dongjum (Donningham), Drogeham , Foxham , Blankenham , Den Ham , Schophem , Dalhem
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-um ,
Alkersum , Nordenham , Bochum , Borkum , Wilsum , Walsum , Fulerum , Loccum , Arnum Bolzum , Achtum , Heyersum , Westernam
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- (h) am , -heim , - (h) em , - um (Heim)
Crailsheim , Kirchham , Hausham , de: Hundham , de: Borkerham , Mannheim , Pforzheim , Schiltigheim , Bassenheim , Hildesheim , Cochem , Waldhambach , Babensham , Egglham
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-heim , -hem , -um , Trondheim , Varnhem , Lerum
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Idioma germánico oriental desconocido:
* Boiohaimum [Bohemia]
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-ham , -hem , -ain , - [s] ent en el norte de francés a través Antiguo bajo los francos, nórdico antiguo o viejo Inglés
Ouistreham , Etréham , Huppain , Surrain ( Surrehain siglo 11, entonces Surreheim siglo 12), Inxent (Flamenco Enessem )
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* hufa-
"área cerrada, jardín"
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-Espero , -hop -op -hove
Woolhope , Stanhope , Mithope , Bullinghope , Byerhope , Dinchope , Dryhope , Longhope , Mythop , Northop , Middop , Glossop , Worksop , Warsop , Hove
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-hof , -hoven , -hove (hof)
Wintershoven , Zonhoven , Volckerinckhove , Hove
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-hoft ,
Bockhoft , Ahrenshoft
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-hof , -hofen (Hof)
Bechhofen , Diedenhofen [Thionville]
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-hof , -hoff
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(traducido a -court en el norte de Francia, compare Bettenhoven, Bettenhoff con Bettencourt, Bethancourt, etc.)
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* hulmaz
"elevación, colina, isla"
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-holm , -holme , -hulme (Holm)
Grassholm , Denholm , Buckholm , Marholm , Bromholm Priory , Killingholme , Hempholme , Skokholm , Nunburnholme , Hubberholme , Skyreholme , Holmsgarth , Holmwrangle , Holmethorpe , Holmbush , Holmwood , Holmsted , Holmegate , Steep Holm , Cobholm , Levenshulme , Kirkmanshulme
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-holm (encina)
De Holm
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-holm (Holm)
Holm , Holm
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-holm (Holm)
Holm , Holm
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-holm (encina)
de Estocolmo , Holm
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Faroés: -hólmur (hólmur)
Gáshólmur
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-homme , le Houlme, le Hom en Old Norman
Robehomme , le Houlme
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| W.Gmc. * kirika del griego kyriakon , "asamblea del Señor"
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- Kirk (iglesia)
Colkirk , Falkirk , Ormskirk , Chadkirk , Peakirk , Romaldkirk , Halkirk , WOODKIRK , Algarkirk , Laithkirk , Whitkirk , Oswaldkirk , Bradkirk Salón , Houndkirk Moor , Kirkcambeck , Kirkcudbright , Kirkwall , Kirkby , kirklees , Whitchurch , Stokenchurch , Baschurch , Dymchurch , Hornchurch , Offchurch , Kenderchurch , Churchover , Churchstoke , Churcham
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-kerk , - kerke (kerk)
Duinkerke (Dunkerque), Middelkerke , Nijkerk , Ridderkerk , Koudekerk aan den Rijn , Adinkerke , Koolkerke , Kaaskerke , Klemskerke , Grijpskerk , Oldekerk , Niekerk
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-kerk , (Kirche)
Aldekerk
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-kirche , -kirchen (Kirche)
Feldkirch , Neunkirchen , Gelsenkirchen , Kirchweyhe , Kirchham
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-kirke , -kyrkje , -kjerke
Kyrkjebø
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-crique , -kerque en el norte de Francia
Yvecrique , Criquetot , Dunkerque (Dunkerque)
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* landom
"tierra, suelo, suelo"
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-land (tierra)
Inglaterra,Irlanda,Escocia,Sunderland,Northumberland,Shetland,Lothingland,Bishop Auckland,Holanda,Breckland,Upholland,Rutland,Hartland,Kessingland,Westmorland,Heligoland,Leyland,Buckland,Kingsland,Westlands,West Midlands,Fenland,Litherland,Thurgoland,Dormansland,Leesland,Thurland Castle,Backaland,West Heogaland,Swaisland,Wringsland,Sealand,Ecklands,Austerlands,Maylandsea
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-land (tierra)
Frisia,Holanda,Nederland[Países Bajos],Zelanda,Gelderland,Westland,Nuland,Dirksland,Duiveland,Sint Philipsland,Flevoland,Hamaland,Heuvelland,Rilland,Kempenland,Reiderland,Engeland,Nieuwlande,Lageland,Pajottenland
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-land (tierra)
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-land (tierra)
Deutschland,Sudetenland,Moormerland,Wangerland,Blockland,Holtland,Ammerland,Sauerland,Westerland,Saarland,Seeland,Münsterland,Vierlande, [Alemania],Emsland,Burg-Reuland,Rheinland,Carinerland,Muttland,Südbrookmerland,Thurland,Neuholland,Oberneuland,Helgoland,Baselland,Arelerland
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-land (tierra)
Jylland[Jutlandia],Sjælland[Zelanda],Nordland,Hjelmeland,Jørpeland,Iveland,Froland,Hogland[Gogland],Oppland
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-tierra , -LAN en el norte francés
château d'Ételan , Heuland , le Tingland, le Vatland, etc.
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* rotha
"limpieza"
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-royd , -rode , -rod , -rith , -road , -royde
Ackroyd , Murgatroyd , Kebroyd , Hangingroyd , Boothroyd , Oldroyd , Mytholmroyd , Dockroyd , Odd Rode , Bergerode , North Rode , Wivelrod , Blackrod , Heyrod , Gollinrod , Ormerod , Harrod , Walkerith , Huntroyde Hall , Cockroad
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-rade , -ray , - montó , -rooi (montó)
Asenray , Gijzenrooi , Landsrade , Middelrode , Nieuwrode , Nistelrode , Sint-Genesius-Rode , Stamproy , Kerkrade
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-rade , -rath , -rode , -roth -rod -rith
Overath , Radebeul , Radevormwald , Roth , Wernigerode , Heyerode , Darlingerode , Ivenrode , Hainrode , Rainrod , Rumrod , Wallmerod , Karith , Herzogenrath
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-rud , -rød , -röd , -ryd , -rue -rui
Buskerud , Birkerød , Kajerød , Bergeröd , Tolvsrød
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Rœulx , Rœux , Ruitz en el norte de Francia suizo: Cormérod (Kormerat)
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* stainaz
"piedra"
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-stan , -stam , -stein , -stone (piedra)
Stanlow , Stanmore , Stanfree , Stanground , Stambermill , Waterstein , Dangstein , Stamford , Stonehaven , Staines , Stanwick , Stenhousemuir
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-steen (steen)
Steenokkerzeel , Steenkwijk
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-steen (steen)
Sleswig-Holsteen [Schleswig-Holstein]
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-stein (Stein)
Schleswig-Holstein,Stein,Steinfurt,Stein-Wingert
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-sten , -stein
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-stain , -étan en el norte de Francia
Grestain , Roche Gélétan , Étaimpuis , Estaimpuis (holandés Steenput)
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* thurpa-
"granja, asentamiento"
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-thorp , -thorpe -throp -trop -thrup -drup -drop
Cleethorpes , Scunthorpe , Mablethorpe , Casthorpe , Catthorpe , Boothorpe , Ibthorpe , cutthorpe , Swanthorpe , Ingmanthorpe , Copmanthorpe , Thorpeness , Burthrop (Eastleach Martin), Heythrop , Winthrop , Colethrop , Casa Casthrope , Knostrop , Wilstrop , Westrop , Etrop , Upthrup , Pindrup , Staindrop , Newdrop , Souldrop , Burdrop , Huntingdrop , Hilldrop , Throop
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-dorp (dorp)
Hazerswoude-Dorp , Opdorp
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-dorp , -trop (dorp)
Dusseldorp [Düsseldorf], Bottrop , Waltrop , Frintrop , Uentrop , Hiltrop , Castrop-Rauxel , Huttrop
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-dorf , -torf (Dorf)
Dorf
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-torp , -arp , -rup Kattarp , Kastrup , Olofstorp
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Lorrain -troff Bénestroff (alemán Bensdorf)
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-tourp (s) , -tour , Torp en Old Norman
Clitourps , Saussetour , le Torp-Mesnil
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Lat vīcus
"lugar de residencia, aldea"
* wīhsą
"aldea, asentamiento"
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-wich
Ipswich , Norwich , Harwich , Aldwych , Lower Ledwyche , Lutwyche Hall , Heckmondwike , Warwick , Alnwick , Gatwick , Lerwick , Hawick , Fenwick , Berwick , Gippeswyk Park , Walwick , Glodwick , Hardwicke , Rumboldswyke , Ankerwy Yew , Lowick , Shopwyke , Casewick , Borthwick , Breiwick , Edgwick , Keckwick , Muggleswick , Osbaldwick , Barnoldswick , Smethwick , Withernwick , Plardiwick , Sesswick , Marwick Hall , Wick , Hamwick Green , Hackney Wick , East Wick , Feldwicke Cottage , Marchweeke , Northweek , Highweek ,
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-wijk (wijk)
Ewijk , Waalwijk , Harderwijk , Oisterwijk , Noordwijk , Beverwijk , Noorderwijk , Meeswijk , Wervik
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-wig , -wich -wick
Sleswig-Holsteen [Schleswig-Holstein], Kettwig , Dellwig , Sleswick , Brunswick , de: Suderwich , de: Suderwick , Schüttwich , Oer-Erkenschwick , de: Berwicke , Lowick , de: Harwick , de: Crosewick , de: Ellewick , de: Wennewick , de: Holtwick , de: Kockelwick , de: Marwick , Am Halswick , Feldwicker Weg
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-peluca , -wiek (Weich)
Schleswig-Holstein , Prorer Wiek , Wyk
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Craywick , Salperwick , Flandes francés
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* walhaz
"persona extraña, no germánica"
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wal- (galés)
Cornwall , Gales , Walsall , Walsden
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wal- (Waal)
Wallonië [Valonia]
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wal-
Wallis [Valais]
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Lengua germánica desconocida:
Valaquia
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Wal- germánico se convirtió en:
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gal- en gaélico, a través del inglés antiguo
Galloway
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galo- en francés, vía franco
galo
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